RESUMO
Son diversos los factores que pueden afectar al ciclo menstrual de la mujer, entre ellos enfermedades o fármacos, como la enfermedad COVID-19 y las vacunas. El objetivo de esta revisión es explorar los estudios publicados hasta la fecha que han estudiado la presencia de alteraciones que puedan relacionarse con la COVID-19 o la vacunación contra el virus SARS-CoV-2.Se ha realizado una revisión en la base de datos PubMed, seleccionando 10 artículos en los que se ha estudiado el ciclo menstrual de mujeres adultas en edad fértil, tres de ellos en los que las participantes han sido diagnosticadas de COVID-19 y siete en los que las participantes han sido vacunadas contra el virus SARS-CoV-2.Respecto a las alteraciones relacionadas con la COVID-19, entre un 16 y un 47,2% de las participantes presentaron una prolongación de su ciclo, siendo más frecuente en aquellas que informaron de más síntomas de COVID-19, observando una normalización tras uno a dos ciclos.Respecto a las alteraciones descritas tras la vacunación contra el SARS-CoV-2, el 45-78% de las participantes refirieron alteraciones del ciclo menstrual, con resultados dispares respecto a los diferentes parámetros analizados, excepto en que las alteraciones se resolvían en unos dos meses.Tanto la enfermedad COVID-19 como la vacunación parecen estar relacionadas con la presentación de alteraciones en la menstruación, siendo estas limitadas en el tiempo y no graves. Sin embargo, los estudios son escasos hasta la fecha, por lo que es importante seguir desarrollando estudios que aporten evidencia científica.(AU)
A number of factors can affect a woman's menstrual cycle, including diseases or drugs, such as COVID-19 disease and vaccinations. The aim of this review is to explore the studies published to date that have studied the presence of alterations that may be related to COVID-19 or vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.We conducted a review in the PubMed database, selecting 10 articles in which the menstrual cycle of adult women of childbearing age was studied, 3 of them in which the participants had been diagnosed with COVID-19 and 7 in which the participants had been vaccinated against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.Regarding COVID-19-related disturbances, 16%-47.2% of the participants presented a prolongation of their cycle, which was more frequent in those who reported more COVID-19 symptoms, and which normalised after 1-2 cycles.Regarding the alterations described after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, 45%-78% of participants reported menstrual cycle alterations, with disparate results for the different parameters analysed, except that the alterations resolved in about 2 months.Both COVID-19 disease and vaccination appear to be associated with the occurrence of menstrual disturbances, which are limited in time and not severe. However, studies are scarce to date, and it is important to continue to develop studies that provide scientific evidence.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Pandemias , Infecções por Coronavirus , Coronavírus Relacionado à Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave , Vacinação , Ciclo Menstrual , Ginecologia , ObstetríciaRESUMO
A number of factors can affect a woman's menstrual cycle, including diseases or drugs, such as COVID-19 disease and vaccinations. The aim of this review is to explore the studies published to date that have studied the presence of alterations that may be related to COVID-19 or vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.We conducted a review in the PubMed database, selecting 10 articles in which the menstrual cycle of adult women of childbearing age was studied, 3 of them in which the participants had been diagnosed with COVID-19 and 7 in which the participants had been vaccinated against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.Regarding COVID-19-related disturbances, 16%-47.2% of the participants presented a prolongation of their cycle, which was more frequent in those who reported more COVID-19 symptoms, and which normalised after 1-2 cycles.Regarding the alterations described after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, 45%-78% of participants reported menstrual cycle alterations, with disparate results for the different parameters analysed, except that the alterations resolved in about 2 months.Both COVID-19 disease and vaccination appear to be associated with the occurrence of menstrual disturbances, which are limited in time and not severe. However, studies are scarce to date, and it is important to continue to develop studies that provide scientific evidence.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess which type of preoperative dietary strategy is most effective in reducing liver volume and assessing its influence on different biochemical parameters and on surgical complications in individuals undergoing bariatric surgery. METHODS: Parallel randomized trial comparing the effect of a very low calorie diet (VLCD) and a low calorie diet (LCD) for a period of 21 days before surgery on hepatic volume, anthropometric and biochemical parameters. Compliance and tolerance to the diets, surgical complications, and hospital stay were also determined. RESULTS: Eighty-six morbid obese participants undergoing bariatric surgery were randomized. The hepatic volume was significantly reduced in both intervention groups, but no differences in changes between groups were detected. The reduction in the hepatic volume was higher in those patients with a baseline hepatic volume > 3 L compared to those with < 3 L (adjusted P value < 0.001). The percentages of total weight lost were 5.8 and 4.2% (adjusted P value = 0.004) for participants on the VLCD and LCD, respectively. There were no differences between groups for any of the biochemical parameters analyzed, nor in the number of surgical complications nor the length of hospital stay. Adherence to the diet was good; nevertheless, participants in the VLCD intervention showed worse tolerance. CONCLUSIONS: In subjects with morbid obesity undergoing bariatric surgery, compared to a LCD, a preoperative 21-day intervention with VLCD is more effective in terms of reducing total body weight but not in terms of reducing the liver volume. Both types of preoperative diets have similar effects on clinical biochemical parameters, rate of surgical complications, and hospital length stay.
Assuntos
Cirurgia Bariátrica , Dieta Redutora/estatística & dados numéricos , Fígado/fisiologia , Obesidade Mórbida , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios , Cirurgia Bariátrica/efeitos adversos , Cirurgia Bariátrica/métodos , Cirurgia Bariátrica/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Obesidade Mórbida/epidemiologia , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios/métodos , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios/estatística & dados numéricos , Redução de Peso/fisiologiaRESUMO
El bisphenol A (BPA), que es utilizado en la fabricación de envases y contenedores de alimentos, puede actuar como disruptor endocrino uniéndose a los receptores estrogénicos. Dado que la hipófisis esencialmente juega su papel en la gametogénesis y esteroidogénesis, el objetivo fue evaluar la acción del BPA sobre la hipófisis y estudiar la posible implicación sobre la maduración folicular mediante estudio histopatológico y morfométrico. Se utilizaron 60 pez cebra (Danio rerio) de 16 semanas, distribuidos al azar en un grupo control y cuatro grupos expuestos a BPA (1, 10, 100 y 1000 μg/L) en el agua durante 14 días). Se cuantificaron los niveles de BPA en peces mediante LC-MS/MS y se realizó el estudio histopatológico de adenohipófisis y ovario. Estructuralmente se reveló un proceso degenerativo de las células gonadotropas de todos los grupos tratados. Ultraestructuralmente, se observó en el grupo control y tratado con 1 μg/L una activación de las células, aumento de gránulos de secreción en el complejo de Golgi, y fundamentalmente, del retículo endoplásmico rugoso, mientras que en el resto de grupos estas células mostraron signos de degeneración. En los grupos tratados con 100 y 1000 μg/L, se observaron células de castración. En ovario pudo determinarse morfométricamente un incremento de atresia folicular a medida que se incrementó la concentración de exposición al BPA. Nuestros resultados indican que el BPA produce una degeneración de células gonadotropas a nivel hipofisario y un aumento de la atresia folicular en las gónadas probablemente debido a una inhibición en la liberación de las gonadotropinas (AU)
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is widely used as part of packaging and food containers, and acts as an endocrine disruptor by binding to estrogen receptors. The importance of the pituitary lies in its role in gametogenesis and gonadal steroidogenesis level. The objective was to evaluate the effects of BPA on the pituitary and its possible relationship with follicular maturation by histopathology. 60 female 16 weeks of age zebrafish were used, randomly divided into a control group and four groups exposed to BPA (1, 10, 100 and 1000 μg/L) in water for 14 days. After the sacrifice, samples were taken to quantify BPA levels in fish using LC-MS/MS, in addition to the histopathological study of the anterior pituitary and the ovary. Structural studies revealed a degenerative process of the gonadotrope cells of the pituitary in all treated groups, being these cells positive to PAS reaction. The ultrastructure presented cell activation in the group treated with 1 μg/L, with increased secretion granules at the Golgi complex, and essentially the rough endoplasmic reticulum, whereas in the other groups, these cells appeared degenerated. In the groups treated with 100 and 1000 μg/L, castration cells were observed with a rough endoplasmic vacuole. Increased ovarian follicular atresia as BPA concentration increased was also determined. The results indicate that BPA produces a degeneration of the gonadotrope cells at pituitary level and an increase of atretic follicles in gonads probably due to an inhibition in the release of the gonadotropins (AU)
